Sally Petitt reveals the utterly ingenious pollination processes taking place all around us, in both flowering and catkin-bearing trees
Image: Howard Rice
Over the next couple of months, the skyline here at Cambridge University Botanic Garden will quietly transform. High above our heads, our diverse tree collection – comprising approximately 2,000 individual specimens – is awakening with a remarkable display of flowers.
From landscapes around the world, the collection brings together the low, spreading Betula medwediewii ‘Transcaucasian birch’ from the Caucasus; the towering, coniferous giant redwood (Sequoiadendron giganteum) from California; the eye-catching Chinese handkerchief tree (Davidia involucrata) and more. Many of these produce vibrant, colourful flowers in the spring and summer months, including the flowering cherries (Prunus species and cultivars), with their clouds of delicate blossom, and the horse chestnuts (Aesculus hippocastanum and Aesculus indica) whose flower spikes or candles fill the canopy in May.
Others, however, produce tiny, discreet winter and spring flowers borne on catkins. Many familiar trees are catkin-bearing, including the native silver birch (Betula pendula) and English oak (Quercus robur). While they might not be competing with the vibrant blooms of many spring- and summer-flowering species, they do hold infinite variety and interest during the colder, darker months.
But have you ever wondered why there is such a distinction between the attractive petalled flowers and the catkins? The answer comes down to pollinators…
Mind-blowing blooms
In areas where pollinators are plentiful – whether it be insects, birds, bats or even some rodents – plants produce flowers in which the reproductive organs (anthers and stigma) are surrounded by petals. The flowers are often large, colourful, scented or a combination of all three, and these are highly attractive to specific pollinators.
In these flowers, large, sticky pollen grains on the male anthers attach to the body of visiting pollinators while they forage for nectar. When a pollinator visits another flower searching for more nectar, the pollen it collected from the first flower will be deposited on the sticky female stigma of the second flower. In essence, while searching for food, the foraging animal inadvertently pollinates the flower – a mutual relationship in which the plant and the animal gain.
This isn’t the end of the story, however. Some plants encourage pollination with nectar guides – markings that help direct pollinators to the nectar source. In the case of the horse chestnut, the flowers display yellow blotches that act as nectar guides, attracting bees to the flower in their search for pollen. Once pollination has occurred, this yellow blotch turns red, a colour that bees can’t see, signalling that the flower no longer needs visitors. If the flower remains unpollinated, this yellow mark will age to red after around two days, as the nectar production decreases. Clever stuff.
Clever catkins
In areas where there are few pollinators, plants rely on a different mechanism for pollination and seed fertilisation. Trees such as birches and hazels flower from January to March, before the leaves emerge. At this time of year, they have little chance of attracting pollinators, so instead have developed wind-pollinated structures in the form of catkins. These are formed of many small, dull, petal-less flowers with no scent or nectar, but which have male pollen-producing anthers held on fine filaments, and feathery female stigmas.
Male catkins are longer than the females, and tend to flower earlier. In birches, the short female catkins are erect before pollination and hang down after pollination. The oak (Quercus robur) has long, thin, string-like, yellow-green male catkins and small, red female flowers, while the aspen (Populus tremula) has distinctly downy, pendulous catkins.
In all wind-pollinated trees, each individual catkin carries either male or female flowers, but a tree may have both male and female catkins (monoecious), or may have male and female catkins on separate plants (dioecious). The pollen grain of these catkin-bearing plants is very tiny and produced in large amounts on the anthers so that it can be carried in the wind and ultimately deposited on the female stigmas of another flower.
While less conspicuous than petalled flowers, these plants add interest during the winter months – though be warned as they can also act as an allergen, causing hayfever during late winter and spring. Whether animal-pollinated (zoophilous) or wind-pollinated (anemophilous), the process results in seed fertilisation and the continuation of a species.
A world of wonder
A stroll through any garden, park or neighbourhood will reveal many trees. Those with petalled flowers, like cherries and horse chestnuts, are eye-catching and attractive to both insects and humans alike. Wind-pollinated trees may not have the kerb appeal of their vibrantly coloured counterparts, but close inspection of these reveals variety in colour and size.
Whatever the season, a closer look at the flowers or catkins of the myriad trees around us reveals intricate details and will leave us in awe of the mechanisms plants have evolved to maximise the chances of pollination and regeneration.
Gardening jobs for May
1. Harden off tender plants such as tomatoes and bedding plants, but bring indoors or cover them with fleece if there’s a risk of frost.
2. Plant tender perennials at the end of the month after the last frost.
3. Pinch out the tips of bedding plants to encourage strong, bushy growth.
4. Sow dwarf, French and runner beans directly in the garden once soil has warmed.
5. Put plant supports in borders to support herbaceous perennials and climbers such as sweet peas and Spanish flag.
Sally Petitt is head of horticulture at Cambridge University Botanic Garden. From gardens for the senses to beds of roses, explore more of Sally’s gardening tips.